{"id":64,"date":"2008-07-10T19:19:57","date_gmt":"2008-07-10T17:19:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.cultureduca.com\/blog\/?p=64"},"modified":"2010-12-19T00:51:10","modified_gmt":"2010-12-18T22:51:10","slug":"literatura-gallega-rexurdimento-2%c2%aa-parte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/culturblog\/literatura-gallega-rexurdimento-2%c2%aa-parte\/","title":{"rendered":"Literatura gallega: Rexurdimento – 2\u00aa parte"},"content":{"rendered":"

<– Viene de la 1\u00aa parte<\/span><\/p>\n

Los precursores<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

El Provincialismo<\/span><\/p>\n

Consolidado el nuevo r\u00e9gimen burgu\u00e9s y liberal en la d\u00e9cada de 1830, el Estado, bajo la corona borb\u00f3nica, experiment\u00f3 un proceso creciente de centralizaci\u00f3n. El gallego, como lengua escrita en la prensa, se vio nuevamente relegado al silencio y la diglosia avanz\u00f3 al asumir la pujante burbues\u00eda (en muchos casos for\u00e1nea) el castellano como lengua propia. A nivel de Estado se experiment\u00f3 una modernizaci\u00f3n de tipo progresista aunque, curiosamente, para Galicia supuso mayor marginaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Frente a esta situaci\u00f3n comenz\u00f3 a gestarse en peque\u00f1os n\u00facleos intelectuaqles y universitarios de talante democr\u00e1tico y progresista, una corriente ideol\u00f3gica de tipo autonomista y de clara reivindicaci\u00f3n galleguista: el Provincialismo<\/em>. Muy vinculado con el romanticismo, tanto ideol\u00f3gicamente como literariamente, el Provincialismo tomo de este movimiento la exaltaci\u00f3n de la libertad como un derecho tanto a nivel individual como colectivo, y el inter\u00e9s por lo aut\u00f3ctono de cada pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Su objetivo fundamental era convertir a Galicia en una \u00fanica \u00abprovincia\u00bb, es decir, en una unidad administrativa con posibilidad de gobernarse en funci\u00f3n de intereses propios, frente a la divisi\u00f3n provincial que impon\u00eda una desvinculaci\u00f3n total en la vida pol\u00edtica y administrativa entre las cuatro provincias. Consideraban que Galicia sufr\u00eda el mismo trato que una colonia por parte del gobierno. La proyecci\u00f3n p\u00fablica m\u00e1s imporante del Provincialismo fue la participaci\u00f3n en el levantamiento progresista de Sol\u00eds en 1846, que termin\u00f3 con el fusilamiento de los \u00abm\u00e1rtires de Carral\u00bb.<\/p>\n

A continuaci\u00f3n un fragmento de la proclama de este levantamiento:<\/p>\n

\u00abGalicia, arrastrando hasta aqu\u00ed una existencia oprobiosa, convertida en una verdadera colonia de la Corte, va a levantarse de su humillaci\u00f3n y abatimiento. (…)
\nPara lograrlo se esforzar\u00e1 constantemente en fomentar intereses materiales, crear costumbres p\u00fablicas, abrir las fuentes naturales de su riqueza, la agricultura y el comercio, y poner en armon\u00eda con la \u00e9poca, los h\u00e1bitos y las ideas que les dej\u00f3 una sociedad decr\u00e9pita fundada sobre la ignorancia. Despertando el poderoso sentimiento del provincialismo, y encaminando hacia un solo fin todos los talentos y todos los esfuerzos, llegar\u00e1 a conquistar Galicia la influencia de que es merecedora\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Proyecci\u00f3n cultural del Provincialismo<\/span><\/p>\n

Fracasado el levantamiento, fusilados o dispersados sus l\u00edderes, el Provincialismo desapareci\u00f3 como movimiento sociopol\u00edtico aunque su repercusi\u00f3n en el campo cultural fue notoria en varios aspectos:<\/p>\n

— Inici\u00f3 de los estudios de historia de Galicia<\/strong> y, en consecuencia, descubrimiento de la propia personalidad colectiva forjada a lo largo de los siglos, destacando los historiadores Verea Aguiar, Mart\u00ednez Pad\u00edn y Benito Vicetto; de \u00e9ste\u00a0hay que\u00a0resaltar\u00a0los siete tomos de su Historia de Galicia<\/em>, que abarca desde la Prehistoria hasta el reinado de Isabel II. Hay que tener en cuenta que dos de los g\u00e9neros m\u00e1s importantes de la literatura rom\u00e1ntica en toda Europa fueron la novela y el tetrao hist\u00f3ricos. El propio Vicetto escribi\u00f3 novelas hist\u00f3ricas en castellano, y a finales del siglo XIV L\u00f3pez Ferreiro public\u00f3 tambi\u00e9n alguna novela de este tipo aunque ya en lengua gallega.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nBenito Vicetto<\/span><\/p>\n

— Estudios ling\u00fc\u00edsticos<\/strong>. La lengua, adem\u00e1s de ser veh\u00edculo de expresi\u00f3n, comenz\u00f3 a ser objeto de an\u00e1lisis. Juan Manuel Pintos, en su libro A gaita gallega<\/em> (1853), abogaba por la construcci\u00f3n de una lengua culta\u00a0y unificada, superando las variantes dialectales. Aparecieron las primeras gram\u00e1ticas, aunque con las l\u00f3gicas lagunas y defectos propios de los inicios de la ling\u00fc\u00edstica gallega. As\u00ed, en 1864 Francisco Mir\u00e1s public\u00f3 la considerada como primera, aunque muy deficiente, y en 1868 Juan Antonio SAco Arce sac\u00f3 a la luz otra de mayor calidad y rigor, verdadera iniciadora de los estudios gramaticales gallegos.<\/p>\n

El estudio y reflexi\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica tambi\u00e9n lleva a la elaboraci\u00f3n de los primeros diccionarios, labor que ya fuera iniciada, aunque sin ver la luz, por el padre Sarmiento en el siglo XVIII. Estos diccionarios son todos ellos \u00abgallego-castellano\u00bb. Los autores de estas primeras recopilaciones de vocabulario fueron Francisco Javier Rodr\u00edguez (1863), Juan Cuveiro Pi\u00f1ol (1876) y Marcial Valladares (1884).<\/p>\n

— M\u00fasica<\/strong>. La m\u00fasica fue siempre una manifestaci\u00f3n cultural muy unida a la poes\u00eda y a la vida colectiva de los pueblos. Si en siglos precedentes fuera abundante la interpretaci\u00f3n de villancicos en las celebraciones religiosas de Navidad con letras en gallego, en el siglo XIX la conciencia gallegista hace que un grupo de compositores pongan m\u00fasica a poemas tanto de los precursores como de los autores m\u00e1s c\u00e9lebres del Rexurdimento<\/em>. Juan Montes, Pascual Veiga o Jos\u00e9 Castro \u00abChan\u00e9\u00bb, musicaron poemas destinados al canto coral, tradicional en Galicia desde el siglo XIX y que sigue teniendo plena actualidad. Buena muestra de esta uni\u00f3n y de la popularizaci\u00f3n de algunos poemas a trav\u00e9s de la m\u00fasica son Negra sombra<\/em> de Rosal\u00eda, C\u00e1ntiga <\/em>de Curros,\u00a0y Os pinos<\/em> (himno gallego) de Eduardo Pondal.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nPascual Veiga, autor de la m\u00fasica del himno gallego<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Letra del himno gallego (Os pinos<\/em>), de Eduardo Pondal<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00bfQu\u00e9 din os rumorosos
\nna costa verdecente
\nao raio transparente
\ndo pr\u00e1cido luar?
\n\u00bfQu\u00e9 din as altas copas
\nde escuro arume arpado
\nco seu ben compasado
\nmon\u00f3tono fungar?<\/p>\n

Do teu verdor cinguido
\ne de benignos astros
\nconf\u00edn dos verdes castros
\ne valeroso chan,
\nnon des a esquecemento
\nda inxuria o rudo encono;
\ndesperta do teu sono
\nfogar de Breog\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Os bos e xenerosos
\na nosa voz entenden
\ne con arroubo atenden
\no noso ronco son,
\nmais s\u00f3o os i\u00f1orantes
\ne f\u00e9ridos e duros,
\nimb\u00e9ciles e escuros
\nnon nos entenden, non.<\/p>\n

Os tempos son chegados
\ndos bardos das edades
\nque as vosas vaguedades
\ncumprido fin ter\u00e1n;
\npois, donde quer, xigante
\na nosa voz pregoa
\na redenz\u00f3n da boa
\nnaz\u00f3n de Breog\u00e1n.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

— El gallego como lengua literaria<\/strong> aparece en la poes\u00eda\u00a0por la labor de un grupo de poetas con una clara conciencia de restauraci\u00f3n de las letras patrias, que los convierte en precursores del Rexurdimento<\/em>.<\/p>\n

<– Viene de la 1\u00aa parte\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>Contin\u00faa en la 3\u00aa parte –><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

<– Viene de la 1\u00aa parte Los precursores El Provincialismo Consolidado el nuevo r\u00e9gimen burgu\u00e9s y liberal en la d\u00e9cada de 1830, el Estado, bajo la corona borb\u00f3nica, experiment\u00f3 un proceso creciente de centralizaci\u00f3n. El gallego, como lengua escrita en la prensa, se vio nuevamente relegado al silencio y la\u2026<\/p>\n

Seguir leyendo…<\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":75,"featured_media":-1,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":{"twitter_226634691_226634691":""},"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[1055,1016,1013,1009,1121,1127,1100,1023,1017,1060,1145,1043,1028,1156,1025,1085,1021],"class_list":["post-64","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-literatura","tag-agricultura","tag-arte","tag-ciencia","tag-cultura","tag-cultural","tag-europa","tag-gallego","tag-gobierno","tag-historia","tag-lengua","tag-libro","tag-literatura-2","tag-musica-2","tag-poemas","tag-rosa","tag-rosal","tag-sociedad"],"yoast_head":"\nLiteratura gallega: Rexurdimento - 2\u00aa parte - Blog Cultureduca educativa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Literatura gallega: Rexurdimento - 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