{"id":453,"date":"2021-11-24T23:18:16","date_gmt":"2021-11-24T23:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/aula\/?p=453"},"modified":"2021-12-01T15:06:51","modified_gmt":"2021-12-01T15:06:51","slug":"ecologia-general-cadenas-redes-y-piramides","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/aula\/ecologia-general-cadenas-redes-y-piramides\/","title":{"rendered":"ECOLOG\u00cdA GENERAL &#8211; CADENAS, REDES Y PIR\u00c1MIDES"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-table-of-contents uagb-toc__align-left uagb-toc__columns-1  uagb-block-e004f7d4      \"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-scroll= \"1\"\n\t\t\t\t\tdata-offset= \"30\"\n\t\t\t\t\tstyle=\"\"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-toc__wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-toc__title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTabla de contenidos\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-toc__list-wrap \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#cadena-tr\u00f3fica-o-red-tr\u00f3fica\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">\u00bfCadena tr\u00f3fica o red tr\u00f3fica&#8230;?<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#pir\u00e1mide-de-n\u00fameros\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Pir\u00e1mide de n\u00fameros<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#pir\u00e1mide-de-biomasas\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Pir\u00e1mide de biomasas<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#pir\u00e1mide-de-energ\u00edas\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Pir\u00e1mide de energ\u00edas<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#la-productividad-ecol\u00f3gica\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">La productividad ecol\u00f3gica<\/a><ul class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#productividad-primaria\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Productividad primaria<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#productividad-bruta\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Productividad bruta<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#productividad-neta\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Productividad neta<\/a><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#productividad-secundaria\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">Productividad secundaria<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class=\"uagb-toc__list\"><a href=\"#la-eficiencia-ecol\u00f3gica\" class=\"uagb-toc-link__trigger\">La eficiencia ecol\u00f3gica<\/a><\/ul><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">Los niveles tr\u00f3ficos&nbsp;<em>productores<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>consumidores<\/em>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<em>descomponedores<\/em>&nbsp;(v\u00e9ase el art\u00edculo sobre Estructura de un ecosistema), mantienen unas relaciones lineales mutuas denominadas&nbsp;<em>cadenas alimenticias&nbsp;<\/em>o<em>&nbsp;tr\u00f3ficas<\/em>, cuyos eslabones est\u00e1n ligados entre s\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u00bfCadena tr\u00f3fica o red tr\u00f3fica&#8230;?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Las m\u00faltiples interacciones existentes entre los individuos impide (salvo excepciones) definir individualmente con claridad una cadena tr\u00f3fica, ya que, seg\u00fan las circunstancias, un depredador puede al mismo tiempo ser presa. Por ello es m\u00e1s propio hablar de&nbsp;<em>red alimentaria<\/em>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<em>tr\u00f3fica<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>En una red alimentaria cada individuo ocupa un nudo en una intersecci\u00f3n de relaciones tr\u00f3ficas. Pueden existir cadenas y redes que no comiencen en los productores, ejemplo de los descomponedores o las de h\u00e1bitats cavern\u00edcolas y abisales. La forma de representar las redes tr\u00f3ficas es utilizando las denominadas&nbsp;<em>pir\u00e1mides tr\u00f3ficas<\/em>. Su esquematizaci\u00f3n se realiza mediante una serie de rect\u00e1ngulos distribuidos en niveles superpuestos (representativos de los niveles tr\u00f3ficos), con los productores colocados en la base y los consumidores de m\u00e1ximo rango en la cima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Todos los niveles aportan materia a los descomponedores, mientras que cada nivel vive a expensas del inferior. Seg\u00fan el par\u00e1metro tenido en cuenta (energ\u00eda, materia, volumen..), se construyen pir\u00e1mides de:&nbsp;<em>n\u00fameros<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>biomasas<\/em>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<em>energ\u00eda<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pir\u00e1mide de n\u00fameros<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>En esta pir\u00e1mide los rect\u00e1ngulos son proporcionales al n\u00famero de individuos por unidad de superficie o volumen que componen la biocenosis. Este esquema es poco utilizado por su poca representatividad, precisamente por las notables diferencias f\u00edsicas entre individuos; n\u00f3tese que un ciervo contar\u00eda como un saltamontes en el nivel de los herb\u00edvoros.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pir\u00e1mide de biomasas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Es una de las m\u00e1s utilizadas. Aqu\u00ed se tiene en cuenta la cantidad de materia viva de cada nivel tr\u00f3fico. Los rect\u00e1ngulos son proporcionales a cada categor\u00eda. La masa total de los organismos de cada nivel es medido en gramos o kilogramos de todos los individuos, o en calor\u00edas o kilocalor\u00edas (contenido energ\u00e9tico), uno u otro referidos a una unidad de superficie en cent\u00edmetros cuadrados o hect\u00e1reas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pir\u00e1mide de energ\u00edas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Es un tipo de representaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s complejo que los anteriores, pero que proporciona m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n. En ella se muestra un rect\u00e1ngulo de longitud proporcional a la energ\u00eda en kilocalor\u00edas por metro cuadrado, que se produce al quemar la materia org\u00e1nica del nivel por unidad de tiempo. Mediante una divisi\u00f3n transversal se representan las energ\u00edas (biomasas) que se producen o consumen en el nivel, es decir, en una parte se muestra la energ\u00eda que se produce para el nivel superior, y en la otra parte la energ\u00eda que se desprende o gasta en el propio nivel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La elaboraci\u00f3n de pir\u00e1mides tr\u00f3ficas y el estudio de las relaciones alimentarias, ha permitido comprobar que el ciclo de la energ\u00eda es abierto, esto quiere decir que los ecosistemas est\u00e1n atravesados por un flujo omnidireccional de energ\u00eda (s\u00f3lo un 10% de la energ\u00eda de cada nivel queda disponible para el siguiente), al contrario que el ciclo de la materia, que es cerrado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><em>&nbsp;<\/em><img title=\" \"decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/images_cienc\/cienc_productividad2.jpg\" alt=\" \"><br>Los bosques y arrecifes de coral generan mayor productividad, antag\u00f3nicamente a lo que ocurre en los desiertos y alta mar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La productividad ecol\u00f3gica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Productividad<\/em>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<em>eficiencia ecol\u00f3gica<\/em>&nbsp;son t\u00e9rminos relacionados con la transferencia de biomasa (energ\u00eda) entre niveles tr\u00f3ficos: Se denomina productividad a la velocidad de producci\u00f3n de biomasa, es el resultado de dividir la biomasa inicial y la biomasa final transcurrido un tiempo determinado. Se divide en&nbsp;<em>productividad primaria<\/em>&nbsp;y&nbsp;<em>secundaria:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Productividad primaria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Es la velocidad de almacenamiento de los productores en forma de materia org\u00e1nica. Puede dividirse en&nbsp;<em>productividad bruta<\/em>&nbsp;o&nbsp;<em>productividad neta:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Productividad bruta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Se le denomina as\u00ed cuando se considera la totalidad de la energ\u00eda qu\u00edmica almacenada por los productores en forma de materia org\u00e1nica (incluida la consumida en la respiraci\u00f3n).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Productividad neta<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n llamada de&nbsp;<em>asimilaci\u00f3n<\/em>, es denominada as\u00ed cuando s\u00f3lo se tiene en cuenta el aumento final de biomasa de los productores. Habitualmente se mide en gramos de peso seco por metro cuadrado de superficie y d\u00eda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Productividad secundaria<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Es la biomasa producida por los consumidores o descomponedores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La eficiencia ecol\u00f3gica<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Entre niveles tr\u00f3ficos se transfiere la biomasa con mayor o menor aprovechamiento. La eficiencia ecol\u00f3gica es el aprovechamiento de la energ\u00eda que se transfiere entre un nivel y el siguiente; puesto que en la transferencia siempre se disipa calor, la eficiencia ecol\u00f3gica del ecosistema ser\u00e1 mayor cuanto menor sea la p\u00e9rdida de calor\u00edas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La mayor productividad se genera en los ecosistemas con arrecifes de coral, estuarios y bosques tropicales; su antagonismo se encuentra en los desiertos \u00e1ridos y alta mar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/aula\/indice-ecologia\/\"><img title=\" \"decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/logos\/1ciencia2.jpg\" alt=\" \"><br><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00cdndice Ecolog\u00eda<\/span><\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Los niveles tr\u00f3ficos&nbsp;productores,&nbsp;consumidores&nbsp;y&nbsp;descomponedores&nbsp;(v\u00e9ase el art\u00edculo sobre Estructura de un ecosistema), mantienen unas relaciones lineales mutuas denominadas&nbsp;cadenas alimenticias&nbsp;o&nbsp;tr\u00f3ficas, cuyos eslabones est\u00e1n ligados entre s\u00ed. \u00bfCadena tr\u00f3fica o red tr\u00f3fica&#8230;? Las m\u00faltiples interacciones existentes entre los individuos impide (salvo excepciones) definir individualmente con claridad una cadena tr\u00f3fica, ya que, seg\u00fan las circunstancias,&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/aula\/ecologia-general-cadenas-redes-y-piramides\/\">Seguir leyendo&#8230;<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":-1,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[85,4,5,87,86],"class_list":["post-453","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ecologia","tag-cadenas","tag-ecologia","tag-general","tag-piramides","tag-redes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ECOLOG\u00cdA GENERAL - CADENAS, REDES Y PIR\u00c1MIDES - Aula de Naturaleza educativa<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/natureduca.com\/aula\/ecologia-general-cadenas-redes-y-piramides\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ECOLOG\u00cdA GENERAL - CADENAS, REDES Y PIR\u00c1MIDES - Aula de Naturaleza educativa\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Los niveles tr\u00f3ficos&nbsp;productores,&nbsp;consumidores&nbsp;y&nbsp;descomponedores&nbsp;(v\u00e9ase el art\u00edculo sobre Estructura de un ecosistema), mantienen unas relaciones lineales mutuas denominadas&nbsp;cadenas alimenticias&nbsp;o&nbsp;tr\u00f3ficas, cuyos eslabones est\u00e1n ligados entre s\u00ed. \u00bfCadena tr\u00f3fica o red tr\u00f3fica&#8230;? 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